Chapter 1

The Reach of the Criminal Justice System: Various Institutions and Punishments

• Lawrence Bartley, I Am Not Your Inmate, The Marshall Project (Apr. 12, 2021)
• Shawn D. Bushway, Incapacitation, in 4 Reforming Criminal Justice: A Report by the Academy for Justice 37 (2017)
• Gabriel J. Chin, The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Incarceration, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1789 (2012)
• Comment, Black Muslims in Prison: Of Muslim Rites and Constitutional Rights, 62 Colum. L. Rev. 1488 (1962)
• John T. Elliff, The United States Department of Justice and Individual Rights, 1937–1962 (1987) (originally written in 1967 as Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University)
• Peter K. Enns et al., What Percentage of Americans Have Ever Had a Family Member Incarcerated?: Evidence from the Family History of Incarceration Survey (FamHIS), 5 Socius 1, 5–6 (2019)
• Wynne Muscatine Graham, The Forgotten History of Prison Law: Judicial Oversight of Detention Facilities in the Nation’s Early Years, 138 Harv. L. Rev. 1715 (2025)
• Blair Hickman, Inmate. Prisoner. Other. Discussed, The Marshall Project (Apr. 3, 2015)
• Laura A. Maruschak et al., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children, 2016 (Mar. 2021)
• Reuben Jonathan Miller, Halfway Home: Race, Punishment, and the Afterlife of Mass Incarceration (Feb. 2021)
• Ryan Francis Pollock, Note, The Eyes-On Doctrine, 134 Yale L.J. 200 (2024)
• Prison Policy Initiative, Report: Halfway Houses, and appendix (Sept. 2020)
• Daniel S. Nagin, Deterrence, in 4 Reforming Criminal Justice: A Report by the Academy for Justice 17 (2017)
• National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction
• Judith Resnik, Impermissible Punishments: How Prison Became a Problem for Democracy (2025)
• David M. Shapiro, Solitary Confinement in the Young Republic, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 542 (2019)
• Maddy Troilo, Prison Policy Initiative, Locking Up Youth with Adults: An Update (Feb. 27, 2018)
• Ram Subramanian et al., Vera Institute of Justice, Incarceration’s Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America (Feb. 2015)

What is Incarceration For?

• K.G. Armstrong, The Retributivist Hits Back, in Theories of Punishment 19–40 (Stanley E. Grupp ed. 1971)
• Jeremy Bentham, Panopticon; Or, The Inspection-House (1791)
• Jeremy Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham (John Bowring ed. 1843)
• Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans. 1979)
• Taja-Nia Y. Henderson, Property, Penality, and (Racial) Profiling, 12 Stan. J. Civ. Rights & Civ. Lib. 177 (2016)
• Erik Luna, ed., Reforming Criminal Justice: Punishment, Incarceration, and Release (2017)
• Robert Martinson, What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform, The Public Interest (Spring 1974)
• Karl Menninger, The Crime of Punishment (1968)
• Alexander Paterson, Paterson on Prisons: Being the Collected Papers of Sir Alexander Patterson (1951, S.K. Ruck, ed.)
• David Roodman, The Impacts of Incarceration on Crime, Open Philanthropy Project (Sept. 2017)
• Emily Widra & Wanda Sawyer, Prison Policy Initiative, Who is Jailed, How Often, and Why (Nov. 27, 2024)
• Franklin E. Zimring & Gordon Hawkins, Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime (1988)

Prison Abolition

• Allegra M. McLeod, Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice, 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156 (2015)
• Dorothy E. Roberts, The Supreme Court 2018 Term, Foreword: Abolition Constitutionalism, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (2019)
• Podcast: Ruth Wilson Gilmore Makes the Case for Abolition (Jun. 10, 2020)

Prisoners’ Rights Litigation

• Alison Brill, Note, Rights Without Remedy: The Myth of State Court Accessibility After the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 645 (2008)
• Arthur B. Caldwell & Sydney Brodie, Enforcement of the Criminal Civil Rights Statute, 18 U.S.C. Section 242, in Prison Brutality Cases, 52 Geo. L.J. 706 (1964)(no free online version available; via Hein Online here)
• Ira P. Robbins, The Cry of Wolfish in the Federal Courts: The Future of Federal Judicial Intervention in Prison Administration, 71 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 211 (1980)
• David J. Rothman, Decarcerating Prisoners and Patients, 1 Civ. Liberties Rev. 8 (1973)
• Margo Schlanger, Beyond the Hero Judge: Institutional Reform Litigation As Litigation, 97 Mich. L. Rev. 1994 (1999)
• Margo Schlanger, Civil Rights Injunctions Over Time: A Case Study of Jail and Prison Court Orders, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 550 (2006)
• Heather Ann Thompson, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy (2016)
• William Bennett Turner, When Prisoners Sue: A Study of Prisoner Section 1983 Cases in the Federal Courts, 92 Harv. L. Rev. 610 (1979)
• Note, Beyond the Ken of the Courts: A Critique of Judicial Refusal to Review the Complaints of Convicts, 72 Yale L.J. 506 (1963)