Additional Reading

Chapter 1. Prison, Jail, and Prisoners' Rights: An Introduction

Other Cited Sources

Nomenclature

Blair Hickman, Inmate. Prisoner. Other. Discussed, The Marshall Project (Apr. 3, 2015)
Center for NuLeadership on Urban Solutions, An Open Letter to Our Friends on the Question of Language (July 2017)

The reach of the criminal justice system: various institutions/punishments

Gabriel J. Chin, The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Incarceration, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1789 (2012)
Peter K. Enns et al., What Percentage of Americans Have Ever Had a Family Member Incarcerated?: Evidence from the Family History of Incarceration Survey (FamHIS), 5 Socius 1, 5–6 (2019)
Lauren E. Glaze & Laura A. Maruschak, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children (Aug. 2008)
Jonathan Miller, Halfway Home: Race, Punishment, and the Afterlife of Mass Incarceration (forthcoming 2021)
National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction
Ram Subramanian et al., Vera Institute of Justice, Incarceration’s Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America (Feb. 2015, updated July 2015)
Maddy Troilo, Prison Policy Initiative, Locking Up Youth with Adults: An Update (Feb. 27, 2018)

What is incarceration for?

G. Armstrong, The Retributivist Hits Back, in Theories of Punishment 19–40 (Stanley E. Grupp ed. 1971)
Jeremy Bentham, Panopticon; Or, The Inspection-House (1791)
Jeremy Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham (John Bowring ed. 1843)
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans. 1979)
Taja-Nia Y. Henderson, Property, Penality, and (Racial) Profiling, 12 Stan. J. Civ. Rights & Civ. Lib. 177, 179 (2016)
Erik Luna, ed., Reforming Criminal Justice: Punishment, Incarceration, and Release (2017)
Robert Martinson, What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform, The Public Interest 22 (Spring 1974)
Karl Menninger, The Crime of Punishment (1968)
Alexander Paterson, Paterson on Prisons: Being the Collected Papers of Sir Alexander Patterson (1951, S.K. Ruck, ed.)
David Roodman, The Impacts of Incarceration on Crime, Open Philanthropy Project (Sept. 2017)
Franklin E. Zimring & Gordon Hawkins, Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime (1988)

Prison abolition

Allegra M. McLeod, Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice, 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156–1239 (2015)
Dorothy E. Roberts, The Supreme Court 2018 Term, Foreword: Abolition Constitutionalism, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (2019)

Prisoners’ rights litigation

Alison Brill, Note, Rights Without Remedy: The Myth of State Court Accessibility After the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 645 (2008) (no free online version available; via Hein Online here)
Ira P. Robbins, The Cry of Wolfish in the Federal Courts: The Future of Federal Judicial Intervention in Prison Administration, 71 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 211, 219 (1980)
David J. Rothman, Decarcerating Prisoners and Patients, 1 Civ. Liberties Rev. 8, 14 (1973)
Margo Schlanger, Beyond the Hero Judge: Institutional Reform Litigation As Litigation, 97 Mich. L. Rev. 1994 (1999)
Margo Schlanger, Civil Rights Injunctions Over Time: A Case Study of Jail and Prison Court Orders, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 550 (2006)
Heather Ann Thompson, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy (2017)
Note, Beyond the Ken of the Courts: A Critique of Judicial Refusal to Review the Complaints of Convicts, 72 Yale L.J. 506 (1963)

For more information

Abolition

Podcast: Ruth Wilson Gilmore Makes the Case for Abolition (June 10, 2020)

Community Corrections

Prison Policy Initiative, Report: Halfway Houses, and appendix (Sept. 2020)

PART I: CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT

Chapter 2. Conditions of Confinement

Other Cited Sources

Margo Schlanger, Civil Rights Injunctions Over Time: A Case Study of Jail and Prison Court Orders, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 550 (2006).
Margo Schlanger, Restoring Objectivity to the Constitutional Law of Incarceration, ACS Issue Brief (Sept. 2018)

For More Information

Heather Thompson, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy (2017)
Homer Venters, Life and Death in Rikers Island (2019)
COVID-19 behind bars
- Sharon Dolovich, Mass Incarceration, Meet COVID-19, U.Chi. L. Rev. Online (Nov. 16, 2020)

Chapter 3. Solitary Confinement

Other Cited Sources

History of American Solitary Confinement

Jules Lobel, Mass Solitary and Mass Incarceration: Explaining the Dramatic Rise on Prolonged Solitary in America’s Prisons, forthcoming, Nw. U. L. Rev. (2020)
Keramet Reiter, The Most Restrictive Alternative: A Litigation History of Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons, 1960-2006, 57 Studies in Law, Politics, and Soc’y 71, 106 (2012)
Chase Riveland, Nat’l Inst. of Corr., Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations, 1, 5 (1999)
American Friends Service Committee, Lessons of Marion: The Failure of a Maximum Security Prison (1985)
David Shapiro, Solitary Confinement in the Young Republic, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 542 (2019)

Contemporary Accounts

Timeline of solitary confinement reform steps
Todd Ashker, describing California reform campaign
Leann K. Bertsch, Reflections on North Dakota’s Sustained Solitary Confinement Reform, in Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways toward Reform 325 (Jules Lobel & Peter Scharff Smith, eds, 2020)
Alan Duke, “Forgotten” inmate gets $15.5 million settlement from N.M. county, CNN (Mar. 8, 2013)
Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga & Brooke Abrams, Solitary Confinement in New Mexico: A Review of Policies, Practices, and Inmate Experience in Isolation (ACLU of New Mexico, 2019)
Mary Hudetz, Solitary confinement suits cost NM counties millions, Las Cruces Sun News, (Mar. 6, 2017)
Rick Raemisch, Colorado Ends Prolonged, Indeterminate Solitary Confinement, in Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways toward Reform 311 (Jules Lobel & Peter Scharff Smith, eds, 2020)
Alexander A. Reinert, Solitary Troubles, 93 Notre Dame L. Rev. 927 (2018)

For More Information

Standards/statements relating to solitary confinement
- American Bar Association
- American Correctional Association
- American Psychiatric Association
- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- National Commission on Correctional Health Care
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) resolution
- Consensus Statement from the Santa Cruz Summit on Solitary Confinement and Health
- American Institute of Architects
Michael Barajas, The Prison Inside Prison, Texas Observer (Jan. 21, 2020)
Jules Lobel & Peter Scharff Smith, eds., Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways toward Reform (2020)
Keramet Reiter, 23/7: Pelican Bay Prison and the Rise of Long-Term Solitary Confinement (2016)
John Stinneford, Is Solitary Confinement A Punishment, forthcoming, Nw. U. L. Rev. (2020)

Chapter 4. Programming, Work, and Reentry

Other Cited Sources

Rehabilitative needs

Jennifer Bronson et al., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Drug Use, Dependence, and Abuse Among State Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2007-2009 (June 2017)
Jennifer Bronson & Marcus Berzofsky, Dep’t of Justice, Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011-12 (June 2017)

Reentry

Sachini N. Bandara et al., Leveraging the Affordable Care Act to Enroll Justice-Involved Populations in Medicaid, 34 Health Aff. 2044 (2015)
Ingrid A. Binswanger et al., Release from Prison—A High Risk of Death for Former Inmates, 356 New Eng. J. Med. 157 (2007)
Gabriel J. Chin, The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Conviction, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1789 (2012)
Collateral Consequences Research Center, Legislative Update: Third Quarter 2019 Sees More New Licensing and Expungement Laws (Oct. 11, 2019)
FAMILIES USA, Medicaid Eligibility for People Leaving Incarceration is Smart Policy (July 12, 2016)
Kaiser Family Foundation, Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map (Nov. 15, 2019)
Adam Looney & Nicholas Turner, Brookings Institute, Work and Opportunity Before and After Incarceration (Mar. 2018)
Nat’l Ass’n of Ctys., Health Coverage and County Jails Suspension vs. Termination (Dec. 2014)
Nat’l Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Convictions

For More Information

Marshall Project, Prison Money Diaries: What People Really Make (and Spend) Behind Bars (Aug. 2022)

Chapter 5. Sexual Abuse

Other Cited Sources

Generally

Amnesty International, “Not Part of My Sentence”: Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody 38-61 (1999)
Tanyika Brime, We Can Do Better: The State of Custodial Misconduct by Correctional Staff in New York, 15 Cardozo J.L. & Gender 303, 307 (2009)
Anthea Dinos, Custodial Sexual Abuse: Enforcing Long-Awaited Policies Designed to Protect Female Prisoners, 45 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 281, 283 (2001)
Stephen Donaldson, A Million Jockers, Punks, and Queens, Lecture at Columbia University (Feb. 4, 1992), in Prison Masculinities 118, 125 (Don Sabo et al. eds., 2001)
Human Rights Watch, All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons (1996)
Amy Kapczynski, Same-Sex Privacy and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Law, 112 Yale L.J. 1257, 1281 (2003)
Melissa A. Kowalski et al, An Analysis of Statutes Criminalizing Correctional Officer Sexual Misconduct with Inmates, 100 Prison J. 126 (2019)
Teresa A. Miller, Keeping the Government’s Hands Off Our Bodies: Mapping a Feminist Legal Theory Approach to Privacy in Cross-Gender Prison Searches, 4 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 861 (2001)
Teresa A. Miller, Sex & Surveillance: Gender, Privacy & the Sexualization of Power in Prison, 10 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 291 (2000)
Heather M. Moss, Correctional Facilities, 9 Geo. J. Gender & L. 609 (2008) (no free online version available; via Hein Online here.)
Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Deterring Staff Abuse of Federal Inmates (Apr. 2005)
Brenda V. Smith, Sexual Abuse of Women in United States Prisons: A Modern Corollary of Slavery, 33 Fordham Urb. L.J. 571 (2006)

Statistics on victimization/PREA implementation

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Allen Beck et al., Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails as Reported by Inmates, 2011-2012 (May 2013)
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities 2012-15 (July 2018)
Centers for Disease Control, National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief–Updated Release (Nov. 2018)
Bureau of Justice Assistance, Prison Rape Elimination Act [grant recipients]

Trans and non-binary prisoners

Jessica A. Clarke, They, Them, and Theirs, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 894 (2019)
The Conversation, British Prisons Must Now Recognize Gender Fluid and Non-Binary Inmates (Nov. 16, 2016)

For More Information

PREA Resource Center
American University, Washington College of Law (Prof. Brenda Smith), End Silence: The Project on Addressing Prison Rape
Brenda Smith, Promise Amid Peril: PREA’s Efforts to Regulate an End to Prison Rape, 57 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1599 (2020)

PART II: CIVIL LIBERTIES

Chapter 6. Freedom of Expression and Religion

For More Information

Academic writing

Andrea Armstrong, Racial Origins of Doctrines Limiting Prisoner Protest Speech, 60 Howard L.J. 221 (2016)
Evan Bianchi and David Shapiro “Locked Up, Shut Up: Why Speech in Prison Matters,” 92 St. John’s Law Review (2018)

Art in Prison

Nicole Fleetwood, Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration (2020)

Prisoner Writing

Joy James, ed., The New Abolitionists: (Neo)Slave Narratives and Contemporary Prison Writings (2005)
H. Bruce Franklin, ed., Prison Writing in 20th-Century America (1998)
Tyler Wetherall, How Sharing Books with My Dad in Prison Made Life Bearable for Both of Us (June 4, 2019)

Prisoner Videos

The Visiting Room Project (Video interviews of men serving life without parole in Louisiana’s Angola prison)

Chapter 7. Access to the Courts

Other Cited Sources

Douglas Ankney, Attorney-Client Privilege Under Attack in Jails Across the Nation, Prison Legal News (May 2, 2019)
Lynn S. Branham, Limiting the Burdens of Pro Se Inmate Litigation: A Technical-Assistance Manual for Courts, Correctional Officials, and Attorneys General (1997)
Stephen B. Bright, Neither Equal Nor Just: The Rationing and Denial of Legal Services to the Poor When Life and Liberty Are at Stake, 1997 Ann. Surv. Am. L. 783, 798 (1997)
Jill Schachner Chanen, Banned in the Bighouse, A.B.A. J. 26 (March 1998)
Michael S. Hamden, North Carolina Prisoner Legal Services: A Model for Other States?, 40 Crim. L. Bull. No. 2 (2004)
Evan R. Seamone, Fahrenheit 451 on Cell Block D: A Bar Examination to Safeguard America’s Jailhouse Lawyers from the Post-Lewis Blaze Consuming Their Law Libraries, 24 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 91 (2006)

For More Information

American Library Association: Prison Libraries

Chapter 8. Procedural Due Process

Other Cited Sources

John Boston & Daniel E. Manville, Prisoners’ Self-Help Litigation Manual (4th ed. 2010)
Council of State Government, Justice Center, Confined and Costly (June 2019)
Emma Kaufman, The Prisoner Trade, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 1815 (2020)
Alabama’s Women Prisoners Moved to Louisiana to Ease Overcrowding, Prison Legal News (Sept. 15, 2003)

Chapter 9. Searches

Other Cited Sources

Margo Schlanger, Jail Strip-Search Cases: Patterns and Participants, 71 Law & Contemp. Problems 65 (2008)

PART III: PARTICULAR PRISONER POPULATIONS

Chapter 10. Race and National Origin Discrimination

Other Cited Sources

General

Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow (2012)
Jack Bass, Taming the Storm, The Life and Times of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., and the South’s Fight over Civil Rights (1993)
Jonathan Bass, He Calls Me By Lightning: The Life of Caliph Washington and the Forgotten Saga of Jim Crow, Southern Justice, and the Death Penalty (2017)
Charles Crawford, Ted Chiricos, & Gary Kleck, Race, Racial Threat, and Sentencing of Habitual Offenders. 36 Criminology 481 (2006)
Philip Goodman, Race in California’s Prison Fire Camps for Men: Prison Politics, Space, and the Racialization of Everyday Life, 120 Am. J. Socio. 352 (2014)
Philip Goodman, “It’s Just Black, White, or Hispanic”: An Observational Study of Racializing Moves in California’s Segregated Prison Reception Centers, 42 Law & Soc’y J. 735 (2008)
Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (2016)

Statistics

Council on Criminal Justice, William J. Sabol, Thaddeus L. Johnson, & Alexander Caccavale, Trends in Correctional Control by Race and Sex (Dec. 2019)
Hamilton Project, Rates of Drug Use and Sales, by Race; Races of Drug-Related Criminal Justice Measures, by Race (Oct. 2016)
The Sentencing Project, Ashley Nellis, The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons (2016)
The Sentencing Project, Fact Sheet: Trends in U.S. Corrections (June 2019)

Chapter 11. Women Prisoners

Other Cited Sources

General

American Medical Association, An “Act to Prohibit the Shackling of Pregnant Prisoners” Model State Legislation (2015)
Kerry Blakinger, Can We Build a Better Women’s Prison? Wash. Post Mag. (Oct. 28, 2019)
John Caniglia, Growing Up Behind Bars: How 11 States Handle Prison Nurseries, Cleveland Plain Dealer (Mar. 4, 2018)
Jessica A. Clarke, They, Them, and Theirs, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 894, 984 (2019)
Rosemary Herbert, Women’s Prisons: An Equal Protection Evaluation, 94 Yale L.J. 1182, 1204 (1985)
Note, The Sexual Segregation of American Prisons, 82 Yale L.J. 1229 (1973)
Priscilla A. Ocen, Unshackling Intersectionality, 10 Du Bois Rev. 471 (2013)
Priscilla A. Ocen, Punishing Pregnancy: Race, Incarceration and the Shackling of Pregnant Women, 100 Calif. L. Rev. 1239 (2012)
Carolyn Sufrin et al., Pregnancy Outcomes in U.S. Prisons, 2016–2017, 109 Am. J. Pub. Health 799 (May 2019)

Statistics

Jennifer Bronson & E. Ann Carson, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Prisoners in 2017 (Apr. 2019)
Zhen Zeng, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Jail Inmates in 2017 (Apr. 2019)
Wendy Sawyer, Prison Policy Initiative, The Gender Divide: Tracking Women’s State Prison Growth (Jan. 9, 2018)

Chapter 12. LGBTQ Prisoners

Other Cited Sources

General

ACLU Press Release: Roderick Keith Johnson Speaks Out About Verdict In Prison Rape Case (Oct. 19, 2005)
Center for American Progress & Movement Advancement Project, Unjust: How the Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People (Feb. 2016)
Sharon Dolovich, Strategic Segregation in the Modern Prison, 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1, 4 (2011)
Adam Liptak, Inmate Was Considered “Property” of Gang, Witness Tells Jury in Prison Rape Lawsuit, N.Y. Times (Sept. 25, 2005)
Angie Leventis Lourgos, “I’m Safe Here”: Transgender Inmate Describes Life at Illinois Women’s Prison After Rare Transfer Based on Gender Identity, Chicago Tribune (Jan. 29, 2019)
Nat’l Ctr. for Transgender Equality, LGBTQ People Behind Bars (2018)
Russell K. Robinson, Masculinity as Prison: Sexual Identity, Race, and Incarceration, 99 Cal. L. Rev. 1309 (2011)

Statistics

Ilan H. Meyer et al., Incarceration Rates and Traits of Sexual Minorities in the United States: National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012, 107 Am. J. Public Health 267 (2017)
Nat’l Ctr. for Transgender Equality, Sandy E. James, et al., The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (2016)
Nat’l Ctr. for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Mara Keisling et al., Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2011)
U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Allen J. Beck et al., Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12: National Inmate Survey, 2011–12 (May 2013)
U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Allen J. Beck, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12: Supplemental Tables: Prevalence of Sexual Victimization Among Transgender Adult Inmates (Dec. 2014)

Chapter 13. Disability

Other Cited Sources

Rights of Prisoners Under Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act, 163 A.L.R. Fed. 285 (originally published in 2000; updated to present) (no free online version available: via Westlaw; via Lexis)
Samuel R. Bagenstos, The Past and Future of Deinstitutionalization Litigation, 34 Cardozo L. Rev. 1 (2012)
Brittany Glidden & Laura Rovner, Requiring the State to Justify Supermax Confinement for Mentally Ill Prisoners: A Disability Discrimination Approach, 90 Denv. U. L. Rev. 55, 69 (2012)
Human Rights Watch, Old Behind Bars: The Aging Prison Population in the United States (2012)
Human Rights Watch, Callous and Cruel: Use of Force against Inmates with Mental Disabilities in US Jails and Prisons (2015)
Human Rights Watch, Ill-Equipped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness (2003)
U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Possible Federal Sources of Assistance to Federally Assisted Programs or Activities (indexes to federal support that triggers coverage by the Rehab Act)
Margo Schlanger, Prisoners with Disabilities, in 4 Academy for Justice: Punishment, Incarceration, and Release 295 (2017)
Margo Schlanger, How the ADA Regulates and Restricts Solitary Confinement for People with Mental Disabilities, Am. Const. Soc’y Issue Brief (May 2016)
Steven Raphael & Michael A. Stoll, Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate, 42 J. Legal Stud. 187, 190 (2013)
Hans Toch, Humpty Dumpty in the Prison, 16 Corr. Mental Health Rep. 51 (2014)

For more information

Tessa Bialek & Margo Schlanger, Effective Communication with Deaf, Hard of Hearing, Blind, and Low Vision Incarcerated People (A Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse White Paper)

PART IV: LITIGATION AND REMEDIES

Chapter 14. Injunctive Litigation

Other Cited Sources

History and effects of injunctive litigation

ACLU National Prison Project, Status Report: The Courts and Prisons (March 1, 1987), reprinted in 1 Prisoners and the Law App. B-3 (Ira Robbins, ed.) (1989 version available here)
Dan Berger, Mariame Kaba & David Stein, What Abolitionists Do, Jacobin (Aug. 2017)
John Boston, Modification of Judgments/Consent Judgments, 7 Nat’l Prison Project J. #2 (Spring 1992)
Richard T. Boylan & Naci H. Mocan, Intended and Unintended Consequences of Prison Reform, 30 J. L. Econ. & Org. 558 (2014)
Owen M. Fiss & Doug Rendleman, Injunctions 528–752 (2d ed. 1984)
Joshua Guetzkow & Eric Schoon, If You Build It, They Will Fill It: The Unintended Consequences of Prison Overcrowding Litigation, 49 Law & Soc’y Rev. 401 (2015)
Linda Harriman & Jeffrey D. Straussman, Do Judges Determine Budget Decisions? Federal Court Decisions in Prison Reform and State Spending for Corrections, 43 Pub. Admin. Rev. 343 (July 1983)
Dorothy E. Roberts, The Supreme Court 2018 Term, Foreword: Abolition Constitutionalism, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (2019)
Ross Sandler & David Schoenbrod, Democracy by Decree: What Happens When Courts Run Government (2003)
Margo Schlanger, Inmate Litigation, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1555 (2003)
Margo Schlanger, Beyond the Hero Judge: Institutional Reform Litigation as Litigation, 97 Mich. L. Rev. 1994 (1999)
Heather Schoenfeld, Building the Prison State: Race and the Politics of Mass Incarceration (Chapters 3 & 4: The Unintended Consequences of Prison Litigation, 1980–1991) (2019)
William A. Taggart, Redefining the Power of the Federal Judiciary: The Impact of Court-Ordered Prison Reform on State Expenditures for Corrections, 23 Law & Soc’y Rev. 241 (1989)

Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act

Robert Dinerstein, The Absence of Justice, 63 Neb. L. Rev. 680 (1984)
Robert Dinerstein, Rights of Institutionalized Disabled Persons, in W.L. Taylor & R.C. Govan, eds., One Nation Indivisible: The Civil Rights Challenge for the 1990s (1989)
Karen E. Holt, When Officials Clash: Implementation of the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act 33–59 (1998)

Prison Litigation Reform Act and injunctions

Elizabeth Alexander, Getting to Yes in a PLRA World, 30 Pace L. Rev. 1672 (2010)
Alison Brill, Note, Rights Without Remedy: The Myth of State Court Accessibility After the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 645 (2008) (no free online version available; via Hein Online here)
John Boston, The Prison Litigation Reform Act: The New Face of Court Stripping, 67 Brook. L. Rev. 429, 445 (2001)
Contract with America: The Bold Plan by Rep. Newt Gingrich, Rep. Dick Armey, and the House Republicans to Change the Nation 53 (Ed Gillespie & Bob Schellhas eds., 1994)
Kiira J. Johal, Note, Judges Behind Bars: The Intrusiveness Requirement’s Restriction on the Implementation of Relief Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 114 Colum. L. Rev. 715 (2014)
Margo Schlanger, Trends in Prisoner Litigation, as the PLRA Enters Adulthood, 5 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 153 (2015)
Margo Schlanger, Prisoners’ Rights Lawyers’ Strategies for Preserving the Role of the Courts, 69 U. Miami L. Rev. 519 (2015)
Margo Schlanger, Plata v. Brown and Realignment: Jails, Prisons, Courts, and Politics, 48 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 165 (2013)
Margo Schlanger, Civil Rights Injunctions Over Time: A Case Study of Jail and Prison Court Orders, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 550 (2006)

Chapter 15. Damages: Causes of Action and Defenses

Other Cited Sources

John Boston, The Prison Litigation Reform Act: Considerations in Individual Litigation, in Practicing Law Institute, Prison Law 2010
Dan B. Dobbs, Paul T. Hayden and Ellen M. Bublick, The Law of Torts (2d ed. 2010)
Paul Figley, Ethical Intersections and the Federal Tort Claims Act: An Approach for Government Attorneys, 8 U. St. Thomas L.J. 347 (2011)
Pamela S. Karlan, Disarming the Private Attorney General, 2003 U. Ill. L. Rev. 183 (2002)
Barry A. Lindahl, Modern Tort Law: Liability and Litigation, Ch. 7 (Employer Liability for Torts of Employees), §§ 7:7 to 7:16 (2d ed. 2019)
Bradford C. Mank, Suing Under § 1983: The Future after Gonzaga University v. Doe, 39 Hous. L. Rev. 1417 (2003)
James E. Pfander, Alex Reinert, & Joanna C. Schwartz, The Myth of Personal Liability: Who Pays When Bivens Claims Succeed, 72 Stan. L. Rev. 561 (2020)
Margo Schlanger, Trends in Prisoner Litigation, as the PLRA Enters Adulthood, 5 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 153 (2015)
Margo Schlanger, Inmate Litigation, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1555 (2003)
Joanna C. Schwartz, Police Indemnification, 89 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 885 (2014)

Chapter 16. The Litigation Process

Other Cited Sources

Litigation, pleading, etc.

Richard H. Frankel & Alistair E. Newbern, Prisoners and Pleading, 94 Wash. U.L. Rev. 899 (2017)
Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies 2014, Highlights from the U.S. PIAAC Survey of Incarcerated Adults: Their Skills, Work Experience, Education, and Training (Nov. 2016)
Alexander A. Reinert, Measuring the Impact of Plausibility Pleading, 101 Va. L. Rev. 2117 (2015)
Margo Schlanger, Inmate Litigation, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1555 (2003)
Rory K. Schneider, Illiberal Construction of Pro Se Pleadings, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 585 (2011)

Grievance systems, administrative exhaustion

John Boston, The Administrative Exhaustion Requirement of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (Jan. 6, 2020) (unpublished manuscript)
Lynn S. Branham et al., Am. Bar Assoc. Criminal Justice Section, Limiting the Burdens of Pro Se Inmate Litigation: A Technical-Assistance Manual for Courts, Correctional Officials, and Attorneys General (1997)
Lynn S. Branham, The Prison Litigation Reform Act’s Enigmatic Exhaustion Requirement: What It Means and What Congress, Courts and Correctional Officials Can Learn from It, 86 Cornell L. Rev. 483 (2001)
Kitty Calavita & Valerie Jenness, Appealing to Justice: Prisoner Grievances, Rights, and Carceral Logic (2014)
Donald P. Lay, Exhaustion of Grievance Procedures for State Prisoners Under Section 1997e of the Civil Rights Act, 71 Iowa L. Rev. 935 (1986)
Michigan Law Prison Information Project, Prison and Jail Grievance Policies: Lessons from a Fifty-State Survey (Oct. 2015)
Dora Schriro, Correcting Corrections: Missouri’s Parallel Universe, in Sentencing and Corrections: Issues for the 21st Century (May 2000)

Prison Litigation Reform Act

ABA, Criminal Justice Section, Report to the House of Delegates, Rep. 102B (2007)
ACLU National Prison Project, The Top Ten Non-Frivolous Lawsuits Filed by Prisoners (Feb. 11, 1996)
Human Rights Watch, No Equal Justice: The Prison Litigation Reform Act in the United States (2009)
Jon O. Newman, Foreword: Pro Se Prisoner Litigation: Looking for Needles in Haystacks, 62 Brook. L. Rev. 519, 520 (1996)
Margo Schlanger, Inmate Litigation, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1555 (2003)
Paul Wright & Dan Pens, Prison Legal News’ Top Ten Non-Frivolous Prisoner Lawsuits, in The Celling of America 58 (Daniel Burton-Rose with Dan Pens & Paul Wright eds., 1998)

Chapter 17. Private Prisons and Prison Contractors

For More Information

The Sentencing Project, Private Prisons in the United States (Oct. 24, 2019)
Brett C. Burkhardt, Who is in private prisons? Demographic profiles of prisoners and workers in American private prisons, 51 Int’l J. L. Crime & Just. 24 (Dec. 2017)
Micaela Gelman, Note: Mismanaged Care: Exploring the Costs and Benefits of Private vs. Public Healthcare in Correctional Facilities, 95 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1386 (2020)

Chapter 18. Criminal Prosecution of Prison/Jail Staff

Other Cited Sources

History of civil rights prosecutions

Robert K. Carr, Federal Protection of Civil Rights: Quest for a Sword 29 (1947)
Robert K. Carr, Screws v. United States: The Georgia Police Brutality Case, 31 Cornell L. Rev. 48 (1945)
Robert J. Kaczorowski, The Politics of Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts, Department of Justice and Civil Rights, 1866–1876 (1985)
Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality 269–71 (2004)
Charles Herman Pritchett, The Roosevelt Court: A Study in Judicial Politics and Values, 1937–1947 (1958)
Harry H. Shapiro, Limitations in Prosecuting Civil Rights Violations, 46 Cornell L.Q. 532 (1961); 5 U.S. Comm’n on Civil Rights Report 45–62 (1961)

Modern prosecution practices, doctrine, etc.

Mike Allen, Eric Holder’s Parting Shot: It’s Too Hard to Bring Civil Rights Cases, Politico (Feb. 27, 2015)
Brian R. Johnson & Phillip B. Bridgmon, Depriving Civil Rights: An Exploration of 18 U.S.C. 242 Criminal Prosecutions, 2001–2006, 34 Crim. J. Rev. 196 (2009)
Frederick Lawrence, Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law 136 (1999)
Frederick M. Lawrence, Civil Rights and Criminal Wrongs: The Mens Rea of Federal Civil Rights Crimes, 67 Tul. L. Rev. 2113 (1993)
Kevin Rector & Phil Davis, Indictments Charge 25 Corrections Officers with Using Excessive Force, Intimidation to Dominate Maryland Jails, Balt. Sun (Dec. 3, 2019)
Daniel C. Richman, Kate Stith, & William J. Stuntz, Defining Federal Crimes (2018)

Chapter 19. Accountability: Voting, Standards, and External Oversight

Other Cited Sources

Voting

Brennan Center for Justice, Criminal Disenfranchisement Laws Across the United States (Dec. 18, 2019)
Sam Levine, Inmates Are Getting Registered To Vote In One Of The Country’s Biggest Jails, Huffington Post (Aug. 2, 2019)
Jeff Manza, Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy (2006)
Michael B. Mushlin, Rights of Prisoners, § 16:11: Voting Rights Generally (2019 ed.)
Penal Reform Int’l, The Right of Prisoners to Vote: A Global Overview (Mar. 2016)
Prison Policy Initiative, Prison Gerrymandering Project
Brianna Remster and Rory Kramer, Shifting Power: The Impact of Incarceration on Political Representation, 15 Du Bois Rev. 417 (2018)
The Sentencing Project, Six Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016 (Oct. 2016)
The Sentencing Project, Expanding the Vote: Two Decades of Felony Disenfranchisement Reform (2018)

Media and public access

Heather Thompson, What is Hidden Behind the Walls of America’s Prisons, The Conversation (June 4, 2017)

Standards

American Correctional Association (ACA). See, e.g., Performance-Based Expected Practices for Adult Correctional Institutions (5th ed. 2018); Performance-Based Standards for Adult Local Detention Facilities (4th ed. 2004)
National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC), Standards for Health Services in Prisons (2018); Standards for Health Services in Jails (2018)
American Public Health Association (APHA), Standards for Health Services in Correctional Institutions (3d ed. 2003)
American Psychiatric Association (APA), Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities (3d ed. 2016)
American Bar Association (ABA), Standards for Criminal Justice: Treatment of Prisoners (3d ed. 2011)

Oversight

Giovanna Shay, Ad Law Incarcerated, 14 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 329 (2009)
Office of the Indep. Juvenile Ombudsperson, Ill. Dep’t of Juvenile Justice, “How Are the Children?” 2018 Annual Report (2019)
Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Civilian Oversight Commission, homepage

Chapter 20. The COVID-19 Pandemic Behind Bars

See our posted COVID resources.

Incarceration and the Law

Cases and Materials

Additional Reading

Chapter 1. Prison, Jail, and Prisoners' Rights: An Introduction

PART I: CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT

Chapter 2. Conditions of Confinement

Chapter 3. Solitary Confinement

Chapter 4. Programming, Work, and Reentry

Chapter 5. Sexual Abuse

PART II: CIVIL LIBERTIES

Chapter 6. Freedom of Expression and Religion

Chapter 7. Access to the Courts

Chapter 8. Procedural Due Process

Chapter 9. Searches

PART III: PARTICULAR PRISONER POPULATIONS

Chapter 10. Race and National Origin Discrimination

Chapter 11. Women Prisoners

Chapter 12. LGBTQ Prisoners

Chapter 13. Disability

PART IV: LITIGATION AND REMEDIES

Chapter 14. Injunctive Litigation

Chapter 15. Damages: Causes of Action and Defenses

Chapter 16. The Litigation Process

Chapter 17. Private Prisons and Prison Contractors

Chapter 18. Criminal Prosecution of Prison/Jail Staff

Chapter 19. Accountability: Voting, Standards, and External Oversight

Chapter 20. The COVID-19 Pandemic Behind Bars